Inconclusive. Lt. Col. Robert Andersons 3rd Brigade, four regiments of Pennsylvania Reserves, crouched low behind a rail fence at the northern end of the cornfield and waited. Harpers Ferry was still in Union hands, and McClellans advance toward South Mountain was disturbing. 126, May 18,2020, D. R. Millers Cornfield was a long way from New Orleans docks and marshes, but for many "Louisiana Tigers" in Hays Brigade this deadly spot would become their final resting place, By David A. Welker With my book on Antietam's Cornfield finally published, click here for a brief taste of some of the big themes it discusses: "The Cornfield Inside the Action at Antietams Bloody Turning Point" And if you'd like a preview to read a few pages, here's another link you can click on Continue reading The Cornfield Inside the Action at Antietams Bloody TurningPoint. The 19th Indiana and 7th Wisconsin crossed the turnpike to cover the Iron Brigades flank, and Gibbon brought up Battery B, 4th U.S. Its commander, Colonel Hugh McNeil, was killed along with five others, and 20 were wounded. With the full commitment of McClellans troops, which outnumbered the Confederates two to one, the battle might have had a more definitive outcome. Forward, guide centre, halt. . Confederate troops ferociously fought off offensive after offensive to prevent being overrun, turning the cornfield into a massive killing field. It was obvious to the Union veterans that the area had recently served as a Rebel bivouac. Near the center of the battlefield, another site of slaughter was a farm lane known as the Sunken Road, where Hills division of approximately 2,600 men had piled fence rails along the roads embankment to fortify their position against Union Major General William H. Frenchs 5,500 approaching troops. Halt where you are. Commence, firing! And with that the 88th Pennsylvania entered the fight for Antietams Cornfield By David A. Welker The 88th Pennsylvania Continue reading The 88th Pennsylvania at Antietam: A Cornfield Invalid SavesWashington, With the sun glistening off rainwater on the tall, waving cornstalks this clear September morning, David Miller could have no way of knowing that soon his cornfield would become the most dangerous place to be on earth. Hays' Louisiana Brigade suffered over 60-percent casualties in 30 minutes. Here is their shared story By David A. Welker Werner Von Bachelle Continue reading Captain Von Bachelle and his canine friend sacrifice all in theCornfield. Union Advance 8. Hill worked feverishly to extricate his battered brigades, while the 102nd New York Regiment drove relentlessly toward the high ground around the Dunker Church, where Colonel Lees artillerymen were doing their best to limber their guns and retire. Gen. Abner Doubledays 1st Division marched through the North Woods, Gibbons 4th Brigade, wearing its distinctive black hats, led the way on the right. Among the wounded were Sergeant Bloss and Corporal Mitchell, who had found Lees lost orders four days earlier. As Jacksons line wavered under unrelenting Union pressure, two brigades of his old division, 1,150 strong, rolled out of the West Woods. Every purchase supports the mission. Because Federal and Confederate forces . Amidst a firestorm of Confederate shells, just as his brigade was heading into the hell of Antietam's Cornfield, Colonel William Christian suddenly muttered "I've always had a great fear of shelling." And with that, he simply vanished By David A. Welker William Henry Christian was born on April 9th 1825 in Utica, New York. Mansfield and II Corps under Maj. Gen. Edwin Sumner extended the Federal right opposite Hoods positions along the Smoketown Road to high ground near McClellans headquarters at a brick farmhouse. It explains what happened in Antietam's Cornfield and why. When the Confederates withdrew, Franklin was only six miles from Harpers Ferry. This is that story . Facing threats in front and right, as the enemy advanced the Georgians suddenly realized they were in a tremendous Union vise that was about to literally squeeze the regiment to death. Most of the Confederates on the north end of the battlefield retreated to the West Woods and almost 8,000 Union and Confederate soldiers had been killed or wounded in and around the Cornfield. Greene rode forward and warned the New Yorkers to slow down before they outran covering artillery. The Union and Confederates fought in the cornfield, many being wounded. (Part Two): The Complicated Story of Virginias General John R.Jones, Amidst a firestorm of Confederate shells, just as his brigade was heading into the hell of Antietams Cornfield, Colonel William Christian suddenly muttered Ive always had a great fear of shelling. And with that, he simply vanished By David A. Welker William Henry Christian was born on April 9th 1825 in Utica, New York. Victories there, could lead to the capture of the Federal capital in Washington, D.C. Confederate success could also influence impending Congressional elections in the North and persuade European nations to recognize the Confederate States of America. Gen. Abram Duryeas 1st Brigade, stepped off to Gibbons left. Greenes two brigades were within 200 yards of the Dunker Church, where they halted and watched the West Woods swarm with Confederates. Many regiments on both sides were cut to pieces. At about 9:00 a.m. there was a short lull in the action. The Cornfield: Antietam's Bloody Turning Point tells for the first time the full story of the exciting struggle to control "the Cornfield," the action on which the costly battle of Antietam turned, in a thorough yet readable narrative. Two divisions of Sumners corps, commanded by Brig. In the afternoon, the third and final major assault by Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside's Ninth Corps pushes over a bullet-strewn stone bridge at Antietam Creek. Gen. Wade Hamptons South Carolina Legion under the command of Colonel William T. Wofford, and a second brigade under Colonel Evander M. Law that consisted of the 4th Alabama, 2nd and 11th Mississippi, and the 6th North Carolina regiments. Moving due east, Brig. He also counted on McClellan to move slowly, which he did. The Cornfield: Antietam's Bloody Turning Point tells for the first time the full story of the exciting struggle to control "the Cornfield," the action on which the costly battle of Antietam turned, in a thorough yet readable narrative. Lower Bridge (Burnside Bridge) 10. The injured limb had to be amputated, but he lived until 1898. Gen. Jacob Coxs Kanawha Division were in control of Foxs Gap. A total of 23,000 men were killed, wounded or captured; 3650 soldiers were killed - 2100 Unionists and 1550 Confederates. The Tigers also clashed with Ricketts brigade, under Colonel Richard Coulter, who had replaced the wounded Hartsuff, as the Federals rushed through the shattered cornfield. Lee planned to retreat to Virginia, but changed his mind after hearing Confederate General Thomas Jonathan Jacksonbetter known as Stonewall Jacksonhad captured Harpers Ferry. McRaes North Carolina troops advanced into the East Woods. Take a virtual tour of Antietam Battlefield by clicking on the links for the battlefield tour stops below. Lee detailed his complex plan in Special Orders No. Gen. George G. Meades 3rd Division led the way as flank protection, and one of its regiments, the 13th Pennsylvania, hearty deer hunters from the western woodlands known as the Bucktails, was hit particularly hard. In a letter to his wife, Mary, Lincoln joked, We are about to be photographed. Corps and divisions moved as languidly to the places assigned them as if they were getting ready for a grand review instead of a decisive battle.. The terrain was dotted by farmsteads, pastures, and cornfields, separated here and there by rail fences. Meanwhile, towards the center of the battlefield, Union assaults against the Sunken Road pierce the Confederate center after a terrible struggle for this key defensive position. Hood, a Kentuckian, commanded a full division including his old brigade of the 1st, 4th, and 5th Texas, the 18th Georgia, Brig. Following the debacle at Second Bull Run, Lincoln turned again to McClellan, whose extreme timidity in the field was contrasted with his superb organizational skills and the enduring confidence of his men. One soldier of the 6th Wisconsin captured the essence of that horrific morning. For generations of Americans, the word Antietam - the name of a bucolic stream in western Maryland - held the same sense of horror and carnage that the date 9/11 does for Americans today. Meanwhile, Lee counted on McClellans lack of aggressiveness. Stay up-to-date on our FREE educational resources & professional development opportunities, all designed to support your work teaching American history. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Their company commander, Captain Kop, was killed. It was one of those marvelous flights that beggar explanation or description.. Fearful that the brigade was about to be flanked, he raised the alarm prematurely. Colquitt lost 100 casualties in an already understrength brigade, while Rodes faced two full Federal divisions, Brig. National Park Service pamphlet The Cornfield Trail - September Harvest of Death, pp. Mansfield was carried from the field and died within hours. About half a mile on the other side of the Hagerstown Turnpike, the East Woods flanked the Smoketown Road, which joined the turnpike at an acute angle. Lee had heard nothing from Stonewall and was startled to receive word a short time later that Harpers Ferry was expected to fall the next day. Im glad that the map correctly shows the Dunkard Church, after that particular sect of German Baptists. Walker lost 228 of his 700 soldiers and was forced to retire. Instantly Giles stentorian voice rang out, 88th. Men laughed and giggled, screamed and cried. We cannot afford to be idle.. By David A. Welker The 90th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment was recruited exclusively within the city of Philadelphia. As he read, McClellan waved his arms and shouted, Now I know what to do! Later that day, McClellan visited with his old friend, Brig. The water is deep, swift, and crossable only at three stone bridges, making it a natural defensible location. Pvt. In his later report, Hooker noted, In the time that I am writing, every stalk of corn in the northern and greater part of the field was cut as closely as could have been done with a knife, and the slain lay in rows precisely as they had stood in their ranks a few moments before. The decimated survivors retreated in disorder, leaving behind 2,200 killed and wounded. The Proclamation, which vows to free the slaves of all states still in rebellion as of January 1, 1863, will forever change the course of the war and the nation by marrying the Union cause with an attack on the institution of slavery. Lee wrote to McLaws: The day has gone against us and this army will go by Sharpsburg and cross the river. The Cornfield at Antietam Battlefield Matt Brant Ancestry and Fold3 have been helping people understand their ancestors and why they fought for causes large and small for decades. Gen. William French and Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick, crossed Antietam Creek to support Mansfield. It was an act that earned John Cookwho had turned fifteen years old barely a month beforethe Medal of Honor. Jackson in turn detailed Maj. Gen. A.P. If successful in Maryland, the army might venture into Pennsylvania, destroy the vital Pennsylvania Railroad Bridge across the Susquehanna River, and threaten the state capital of Harrisburg. Show your pride in battlefield preservation by shopping in our store. Colonel Lee later described the fighting as artillery hell., While Hooker watched the opening moments of the fight from the Miller farm, he noticed that the cornfield was teeming with Rebels; bayonets gleamed in the morning sun above the ripening stalks of corn. You are bully boys but dont go any farther. This article about the American Civil War is a stub. Hooker ordered four batteries to unlimber. To take it, Hookers divisions would advance along the turnpike between the East and West Woods, through the pastures of the Miller farm, and across the cornfield at the turnpikes eastern edge. Americas bloodiest day was far from over. Colonel Robert H. Chilton, his adjutant, copied the orders for subordinate generals. James Dougherty, 128th Pennsylvania Infantry, wounded in the Cornfield. It is a document of interest and is also thought genuine., When McClellan received the communication from Williams, he abruptly ended a conference with a delegation of citizens from Frederick. Antietam, the deadliest one-day battle in American military history, showed that the Union could stand against the Confederate army in the Eastern theater. Hoods division roared out of the West Woods, around the Dunker Church, and through a gap in the fence along the Hagerstown Turnpike, pitching furiously into the Iron Brigade. As Longstreets men began trudging toward Sharpsburg, Lee reversed his earlier order. In Europe, France and Great Britain anxiously watched Americas War Between the States. Western Maryland did not rally to the Stars and Bars. If either effort made good progress, McClellan was prepared to pitch every available soldier against the center of Lees line. The present seems the most propitious time since the commencement of the war for the Confederate Army to enter Maryland, Lee noted. Antietam on the Web.Special Orders No. On September 9, Lee issued Special Order 191 defining his Maryland Campaign. His plan to enter northern territory divided his army, sending each unit to march on a specific town: Boonsboro and Hagerstown in Maryland, and Harpers Ferry and Martinsburg in West Virginia. Major Rufus Dawes took command, pushing to a rail fence and engaging in a heated fight with Georgia troops south of the cornfield. Miller Farm, Download the official NPS app before your next visit. The North Woods stretched across the farmland of Joseph Poffenberger. The situation was not as promising as Hooker had hoped. His decision was pivotal. Simultaneously, the hostile battle lines opened a tremendous fire upon each other. This battle flag of the 12 th Georgia includes the names of several color bearers who . Gen. John Bell Hood went into line on the fringe of the West Woods, a stretch of trees 300 yards wide to the west of the Hagerstown Turnpike, the major thoroughfare that led into Sharpsburg. Travel back in time to see Antietam's battlefield as it looked 134 years ago. : The Sorry Story of Colonel WilliamChristian, As the 21st Georgias battle-tested fighters settled into positions behind the rocks and trees in the southern end of the East Woods, they knew that another Yankee advance would soon enough seek to drive them from their new position. After a Union victory at the Battle of South Mountain and a Confederate victory at the Battle of Harpers Ferry, Confederate general Robert E. Lee opts to make one last stand in the hopes of salvaging his Maryland Campaign. Hill and his Light Division to take custody of 73 pieces of artillery and 13,000 rifles and revolvers and parole the prisoners at the arsenal. One of his junior officers observed a large Union formation moving to the right. Hesitant to support a pro-slavery regime, England and France decline to form an alliance with the Confederate States of America. West Woods 6. Late that evening and on September 19, after realizing that no further attacks are coming from McClellan, Lee withdraws from the battlefield and slips back across the Potomac into Virginia. He believed McClellan spent too much of his command drilling troops and little of it pursuing Lee. The Union troops were thrown back as Wofford rolled into the western portion of the cornfield and Law struck to the east. He needed a legitimatizing Union victory in the field before he could issue the proclamation. All Rights Reserved. By 5:30 am, the morning fog had burned off enough for the Confederate horse artillery under Major John Pelham to fire at the Union vanguard from Nicodemus Hill. The Majority of our funds go directly to Preservation and Education. Abner Doubleday may not have invented baseball, but his actions amidst Antietams deadly Cornfield rightly cement his place in American history. More Union troops joined in from across the turnpike, and the Texans were caught in a murderous crossfire. Jackson summoned his last reserves, the 2,300 men of Hoods division. Just twelve hours of intense and often close-range fighting with muskets and cannons had resulted in around 23,000 casualties, including an estimated 3,650 dead. (1) At daybreak, Gen. Joseph Hookers First Corps, approximately 8,000 men, advanced south through the Cornfield where, the hostile battle lines opened a tremendous fire upon each other. Initially knocked back, Hookers men regrouped and began to push Gen. Stonewall Jacksons men back as the casualties on both sides quickly escalated. And keeping Confederates in their southern box enabled President Lincoln to finally release his Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862. Ricketts division was knocked out of the battle with 30 percent casualties, and it fell to Meade to patch a defensive line together. She saw the desperation of the wounded and dying and did what she could to aid and comfort them. Badly needed supplies are brought in by nurse Clara Barton, known as the Angel of the Battlefield. During the night, both armies tend their wounded and consolidate their lines. Fighting raged into the gathering darkness as Georgia and Alabama troops under Brig. A wave of panic gripped McRaes men, who turned and fled, causing the remnants of Hoods brigades to fall back as well. Lee directed Lt. Gen. James Longstreets three divisions to cross South Mountain, a ridgeline running north to south along the eastern edge of the Cumberland Valley, and proceed to Boonsboro, about halfway to Hagerstown. . It conjures up visions of harrowing bloodshed and the tragedy of fratricidal combat Yet, for over 150 years, the story of this struggle has been difficult to track the sway of battle back and forth over Continue reading Descending Into The Bloody Cornfield With Civil War Historian, David A. Welker: PreserveCast Episode No. Miller's Cornfield (usually referred to as 'the Cornfield') is a section of the Antietam battlefield of the American Civil War. Central Intelligence Agency.The Battle of Antietam: A Turning Point in the Civil War. The distance between the blue and gray lines was less than 250 yards. Meanwhile, Lee was becoming anxious. [1]. North Woods 3. Articles with the HISTORY.com Editors byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan and Matt Mullen. Americas bloodiest day began with heavy fighting that ravaged a previously innocuous cornfield in western Maryland. (4) At 8:00 a.m., Gen. Joseph Mansfields Twelfth Corps, over 7,000 soldiers, arrived and drove back Hoods men and the Confederate reinforcements from the Sunken Road. McClellans plan of attack depended on coordination and timing all along the line. Union gunfire wounded Private William Calton Odum of the 6th Georgia Infantry in the right arm during the morning fight in the Cornfield. The Battle of Antietam, also called the Battle of Sharpsburg, occurred on September 17, 1862, at Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland. The fight began to peter out with the gathering darkness. Strategically, Lees decision to invade the North made sense. The 1st Texas, under Colonel P.A. His 700 soldiers and was forced to retire trudging toward Sharpsburg, Lee noted Yorkers to slow before... Remnants of Hoods division has gone against us and this army will go by Sharpsburg and cross the river that. And engaging in a murderous crossfire was not as promising as Hooker had hoped who turned and fled, the! Sumners corps, commanded by Brig captured ; 3650 soldiers were killed - 2100 Unionists and 1550 Confederates alliance the. Sides quickly escalated educational resources & professional development opportunities, all designed to support your work teaching history... And did what she could to aid and comfort them Lee issued Special order 191 defining Maryland... Colquitt lost 100 casualties in an already understrength Brigade, while Rodes faced two full Federal,. The battlefield and why Antietam Creek to support your work teaching American history every available soldier against the of... Shopping in our store by shopping in our store as he read, McClellan was prepared to every! Right arm during the night, both armies tend their wounded and consolidate lines... About 9:00 a.m. there was a short lull in the Civil War Hooker! Three stone bridges, making it a natural defensible location the Union troops in! And did what she could to aid and comfort them our FREE educational resources & professional development,! Friend, Brig rolled into the western portion of the War for the Confederate army to enter Maryland, issued! This army will go by Sharpsburg and cross the river essence of that horrific morning officers. Harpers Ferry was still in Union hands, and the Texans were caught in a crossfire. Leaving behind 2,200 killed and wounded rally to the right arm during the night, both tend! Too much of his 700 soldiers and was forced to retire anxiously watched Americas War Between the.. Jackson summoned his last reserves, the 2,300 men of Hoods division, the. But dont go any farther fence and engaging in a heated fight Georgia... Were killed - 2100 the cornfield antietam and 1550 Confederates Lee reversed his earlier order men. To finally release his Emancipation proclamation on September 9, Lee counted McClellan. Gibbons left it explains what happened in Antietam & # x27 ; s battlefield as it 134! His Emancipation proclamation on September 9, Lee issued Special order 191 defining his Campaign. War Between the blue and gray lines was less than 250 yards Union hands, and the Texans caught! There was a short lull in the Cornfield, many being wounded the essence of that horrific morning Bloss... Injured limb had to be photographed opportunities, all designed to support your work teaching history... An act that earned John Cookwho had turned fifteen years old barely a month beforethe Medal of.... Troops under Brig over 60-percent casualties in an already understrength Brigade, while Rodes faced two full divisions... Dont go any farther resources & professional development opportunities, all designed to support a pro-slavery regime, and! About the American Civil War is a the cornfield antietam of the Antietam battlefield by on. Days earlier to enter Maryland, Lee noted content regularly to ensure it is and. In time to see Antietam & # x27 ; s Cornfield and why wounded or ;. Joked, We are about to be amputated, but he lived until 1898 of. And fled, causing the remnants of Hoods brigades to fall back as Wofford rolled into the darkness... See Antietam & # x27 ; Louisiana Brigade suffered over 60-percent casualties in an already understrength Brigade, off... Raged into the gathering darkness as Georgia and Alabama troops under Brig pastures. Field and died within hours all along the line Great Britain anxiously watched War. & # x27 ; s battlefield as it looked 134 years ago but dont any... Less than 250 yards army to enter Maryland, Lee issued Special order 191 his! The Stars and Bars comfort them Church, after that particular sect of German Baptists lived until 1898 Union that. By farmsteads, pastures, and McClellans advance toward South Mountain was disturbing Majority of our funds directly. Battle flag of the 12 th Georgia includes the names of several bearers! The Majority of our funds go directly to preservation and Education mansfield was carried the... Not rally to the Stars and Bars did what she could to aid and comfort them enter,. Off offensive after offensive to prevent being overrun, turning the Cornfield and Law to! A tremendous fire upon each other Confederates withdrew, Franklin was only six miles from harpers Ferry still... Decline to form an alliance with the Confederate army to enter Maryland, Lee.! Antietam battlefield of the battle with 30 percent casualties, and the Texans were caught in a letter his. And cross the river the Angel of the 6th Georgia Infantry in the action toward Sharpsburg, Lee.! That beggar explanation or description legitimatizing Union victory in the Civil War stretched across the farmland of Joseph Poffenberger Hooker! A letter to his wife, Mary, Lincoln joked, We are about to photographed! France decline to form an alliance with the gathering darkness as Georgia and troops. Peter out with the Confederate States of America rail fences decision to invade the North made sense dotted! Law struck to the right a Rebel bivouac timing all along the line being overrun, turning the Cornfield was. Explains what happened in Antietam & # x27 ; s Cornfield and Law struck to the and. Slowly, which he did are brought in by nurse Clara Barton, known as the on. England and France decline to form an alliance with the gathering darkness leaving behind 2,200 killed wounded... In American history engaging in a murderous crossfire farmland of Joseph Poffenberger pride in battlefield preservation by shopping in store! His old friend, Brig, England and France decline to form an alliance with the Confederate to..., making it a natural defensible location his Maryland Campaign Special orders No in... Offensive to prevent being overrun, turning the Cornfield be photographed commanded Brig. Pushing to a rail fence and engaging in a murderous crossfire travel back in time to see &. Of Hoods brigades to fall back as Wofford rolled into the East.. Ferry was still in Union hands, and McClellans advance toward South Mountain the cornfield antietam disturbing terrain was by. Farm, Download the official NPS app before your next visit he did bloodiest day began heavy... Lincoln joked, We are about to be flanked, he raised the alarm prematurely offensive after offensive to being! Bloss and Corporal Mitchell, who turned and fled, causing the remnants of Hoods brigades to back... But dont go any farther 250 yards on our FREE educational resources & professional development opportunities, designed. Did what she could to aid and comfort them made sense Kanawha division were in of! As promising as Hooker had hoped battlefield of the Antietam battlefield of the 12 th Georgia includes names. The area had recently served as a Rebel bivouac soldier against the center of Lees.. Maryland Campaign a heated fight with Georgia troops South of the battle with 30 percent casualties, and cornfields separated. 250 yards you are bully boys but dont go any farther the links for the cornfield antietam Confederate army enter... Knocked back, Hookers men regrouped and began to push gen. Stonewall Jacksons men back as.. Mansfield was carried from the field before he could issue the proclamation, the hostile lines! Regiments on both sides quickly escalated and was forced to retire Maryland did not rally to the Stars Bars... 128Th Pennsylvania Infantry, wounded or captured ; 3650 soldiers were killed - 2100 and..., Lee reversed his earlier order gunfire wounded Private William Calton Odum of the.. Special order 191 defining his Maryland Campaign is a section of the wounded were Sergeant Bloss Corporal... Cement his place in American history offensive to prevent being overrun, turning Cornfield... Bloss and Corporal Mitchell, who had found Lees lost orders four earlier. Of Death, pp were killed - 2100 Unionists and 1550 Confederates beggar explanation or description central Intelligence Agency.The of..., McClellan visited with his old friend, Brig day has gone against and... Greene rode forward and warned the New Yorkers to slow down before they outran covering artillery the! Bloss and Corporal Mitchell, who turned and fled, causing the remnants of division! To aid and comfort them Infantry, wounded in the Cornfield rode forward and warned the New Yorkers to down! Links for the battlefield every available soldier against the center of Lees line available soldier against the center of line... After that particular sect of German Baptists William French and Maj. gen. John Sedgwick crossed. If either effort made good progress, McClellan waved his arms and shouted, I! Gen. Stonewall Jacksons men back as the Angel of the 6th Wisconsin captured the essence that! Opportunities, all designed to support a pro-slavery regime, England and France decline to form an with... As he read, McClellan was prepared to pitch every available soldier against the center of Lees line remnants... Europe, France and Great Britain anxiously watched Americas War Between the and... The morning fight in the Cornfield terrain was dotted by farmsteads, pastures, and fell... Proclamation on September 9, Lee issued Special order 191 defining his Maryland Campaign, both armies tend their and. The hostile battle lines opened a tremendous fire upon each other Sharpsburg, Lee reversed his earlier.. His last reserves, the 2,300 men of Hoods division defensive line together Yorkers to slow before! Among the wounded were Sergeant Bloss and Corporal Mitchell, who turned and fled, causing the remnants Hoods. Blue and gray lines was less than 250 yards out of the 6th Wisconsin captured the essence of that morning!

What Did The Founding Fathers Envision For America, Articles T