[283][284], Pilate's washing his hands of responsibility for Jesus's death in Matthew 27:24 is a commonly encountered image in the popular imagination,[75] and is the origin of the English phrase "to wash one's hands of (the matter)", meaning to refuse further involvement with or responsibility for something. [148] One version claims to have been discovered and translated by a Jewish convert named Ananias, portraying itself as the official Jewish records of the crucifixion. 12. [245] Not only does Pilate force Judas to betray Christ, he double-crosses him and refuses to take him on as a servant once Judas has done so. And behold, a severe earthquake had occurred, for an angel of the Lord descended from heaven and came and rolled away the stone and sat upon it. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [133][134] Additionally, earlier Christian traditions portray Pilate more positively than later ones,[135] a change which Ann Wroe suggests reflects the fact that, following the legalization of Christianity in the Roman Empire by the Edict of Milan (312), it was no longer necessary to deflect criticism of Pilate (and by extension of the Roman Empire) for his role in Jesus's crucifixion onto the Jews. [231] The earliest surviving passion play, the thirteenth-century Ludus de Passione from Klosterneuburg, portrays Pilate as a weak administrator who succumbs to the whims of the Jews in having Christ crucified. "[104] Taylor notes that Philo discusses Pilate as though he were already dead in the Embassy to Gaius, although he is writing only a few years after Pilate's tenure as governor. N.S. Divine punishment should have followed. It appears that Pilate attempted to avoid a direct conflict with the Jewish leaders by hoping that King Herod might release Jesus (Luke 23:7-11). We will start by discovering what history tells us about this leader. [66], In another incident recorded in both the Jewish Wars (2.9.4) and the Antiquities of the Jews (18.3.2), Josephus relates that Pilate offended the Jews by using up the temple treasury (korbanos) to pay for a new aqueduct to Jerusalem. So Vitellius sent Marcellus, a friend of his, to take care of the affairs of Judea, and ordered Pilate to go to Rome, to answer before the emperor to the accusation of the Jews. He was an officer of the Roman empire, serving as procurator, or prefect, of Judea, managing the . Pilate is nevertheless forced to execute Jesus by the increasingly angry crowd, but Jesus tells Pilate that he does not hold him responsible. "[70], At the Passover of most likely 30 or 33, Pontius Pilate condemned Jesus of Nazareth to death by crucifixion in Jerusalem. [79] It is generally assumed, based on the unanimous testimony of the gospels, that the crime for which Jesus was brought to Pilate and executed was sedition, founded on his claim to be king of the Jews. 27:65-66). [188] 44 depictions of Pilate predate the sixth century and are found on ivory, in mosaics, in manuscripts as well as on sarcophagi. [127] However, more recent research, published in 2021, dates the construction of another one of the aqueducts providing water to the Solomon's Pools, namely the Biar Aqueduct (also known as Wadi el-Biyar Aqueduct), to the mid-first century AD, probably during the time of Pilate. [209] The most frequent scene to include Pilate is his washing of his hands; Pilate is typically portrayed similarly to the high priests as an old, bearded man, often wearing a Jewish hat but sometimes a crown, and typically carrying a scepter. Tiberius received the petition and angrily reprimanded Pilate, ordering him to remove the shields. He convicted Jesus of treason and declared that Jesus thought himself King of the Jews, and had Jesus crucified. . A few years later, Pilate is brought to his father's court where he kills his half-brother. Pontius Pilate[b] (Latin: Pontius Pilatus; Greek: , Pontios Pilatos) was the fifth governor of the Roman province of Judaea, serving under Emperor Tiberius from 26/27 to 36/37 AD. He provoked both Jews and Samaritans to rioting during his tenure, and he later had to stand trial in Rome for cruelty and oppression. [25], Pilate was likely educated, somewhat wealthy, and well-connected politically and socially. She was recognized as a holy martyr by the Greek Orthodox, the Coptic and the Ethiopian Churches. [215], In the modern period, depictions of Pilate become less frequent, though occasional depictions are still made of his encounter with Jesus. Yet in the early years of Christianity it was difficult to make such claims. [158] In the Greek Paradosis Pilati (5th century),[152] Pilate is arrested for the crime of executing Jesus, although he has since converted to be a follower of Christ. Please select which sections you would like to print: Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. "[291] Other scholars have argued that Pilate was simply culturally insensitive in his interactions with the Jews and in this way a typical Roman official. [139] Tibor Grll believes that this could be a reference to Pilate's actual records,[138] but other scholars argue that Justin has simply invented the records as a source on the assumption that they existed without ever having verified their existence. [251] One of Swiss writer Friedrich Drrenmatt's earliest stories ("Pilatus," 1949) portrays Pilate as aware that he is torturing God in the trial of Jesus. [184], Pilate is one of the most important figures in early Christian art; he is often given greater prominence than Jesus himself. 1 She is only mentioned in relation to her husband, Pontius Pilate, so background from her husband's life and policies in the Jewish territories provides some context for her surroundings.Pontius Pilate was appointed governor of Judea (A.D. 26 . The episode connected with her is perhaps among the most mysterious. [257] Because he betrayed his desire to follow his morality and free Jesus, Pilate must suffer for eternity. In Martin Scorsese's The Last Temptation of Christ (1988), Pilate is played by David Bowie, who appears as "gaunt and eerily hermaphrodite. Medieval art frequently portrayed scenes of Pilate and Jesus, often in the scene where he washes his hands of guilt for Jesus's death. [100] Daniel Schwartz, however, argues that Eusebius's claims "should not lightly be dismissed. [203] Pilate now frequently appears in illuminations for books of hours,[204] as well as in the richly illuminated Bibles moralises, which include many biographical scenes adopted from the legendary material, although Pilate's washing of hands remains the most frequently depicted scene. ), 1871. He nonetheless washes his hands of guilt after the tortures have been administered. Come, see the place where He was lying. Matthew 28:1-6(NASB). Author interviews, book reviews and lively book commentary are found here. Historical and traditional accounts of the life of Pontius Pilate [190], The older Byzantine model of depicting Pilate washing his hands continues to appear on artwork into the tenth century;[191] beginning in the seventh century, however, a new iconography of Pilate also emerges, which does not always show him washing his hands, includes him in additional scenes, and is based on contemporary medieval rather than Roman models. Yet the Bible isn't the only ancient source of information about Pilate. Pontius Pilate's wife "According to later Western Christian legend, influenced by her name in Pseudo-Dexter, Claudia Procula was a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty,[11] the illegitimate daughter of Caesar Augustus's daughter Julia the Elder. But in 31 AD, Sejanus ended up on the wrong side of a political feud and was sentenced to . 6. After Sejanuss fall (31 ce), Pilate was exposed to sharper criticism from certain Jews, who may have capitalized on his vulnerability to obtain a legal death sentence on Jesus (John 19:12). [136] Bart Ehrman, on the other hand, argues that the tendency in the Early Church to exonerate Pilate and blame the Jews prior to this time reflects an increasing "anti-Judaism" among Early Christians. . [156], Seven of the Pilate texts mention Pilate's fate after the crucifixion: in three, he becomes a very positive figure, while in four he is presented as diabolically evil. "[88] Raymond E. Brown argued that the Gospels' portrayal of Pilate cannot be considered historical, since Pilate is always described in other sources (The Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews of Josephus and Embassy to Gaius of Philo) as a cruel and obstinate man. The inscription reads () (Pilato(u)), meaning "of Pilate". [268] The 1959 film Ben-Hur shows Pilate (the Australian actor, Frank Thring, Jr.) presiding over a chariot race, in a scene that Ann Wroe says "seemed closely modeled on the Hitler footage of the 1936 Olympics," with Pilate bored and sneering. [14] He is also briefly mentioned in Annals of the Roman historian Tacitus (early 2nd century AD), who simply says that he put Jesus to death. For other uses, see, High and late medieval and renaissance art, Later Christian tradition gives Pilate's wife the names Procula (, Pilate's title as governor, as attested on the Pilate stone, is ", Karen Cokayne, Experiencing Old Age in Ancient Rome, p.100, Roman Procurator coinage Pontius Pilate, List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources, https://library.brown.edu/iip/viewinscr/caes0043/, "Notorious Pontius Pilate Is the One Who Built Jerusalem Aqueduct, Study Finds", "Pontius Pilate's Scottish roots 'a joke', "Mystery of the '5,000-year-old' yew of Fortingall", "An Inscribed Copper-Alloy Finger Ring from Herodium Depicting a Krater", "Saint Pilate and the Conversion of Tiberius", "The Invention of Christian Tradition: "Apocrypha," Imperial Policy, and Anti-Jewish Propaganda", "Phrases and Expressions that originated in the Bible", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pontius_Pilate&oldid=1150174332, This page was last edited on 16 April 2023, at 18:27. The Letters of Pontius Pilate & Claudia Procula (ISBN 0-9625158-2-5) is centered around a 1st century letter believed to have been written by Claudia Procula, the wife of Pontius Pilate. According to Josephus (Ant, XVIII, iv, 2) Pilate held office in Judea for 10 years. [123] Joan Taylor has argued that the symbolism on the coins show how Pilate attempted to promote the Roman imperial cult in Judaea, in spite of local Jewish and Samaritan religious sensitivities. He became famous for the trial and crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth (c. 30 CE). [102] Maier argues that "[i]n all probability, then, the fate of Pontius Pilate lay clearly in the direction of a retired government official, a pensioned Roman ex-magistrate, than in anything more disastrous. Was Jesus resurrected on the same day Noah's ark rested on Mt. Some people told Jesus about a group of Galileans who had come to the temple to sacrifice, and Pontius Pilate slaughtered them, probably due to a public disturbance the Galileans were causing (Luke 13:1). Pontius Pilate oversaw Jesus' crucifixion around 30 AD, but what else do we really know about him for sure? Caiaphas would be removed following Pilate's own removal from the governorship. [280] The mention of Pilate in the creeds serves to mark the passion as a historical event. Cyclopedia of Biblical Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. This is revealed to be because Pilate is wearing Jesus's coat; when the coat is removed, the Emperor condemns him to death, but Pilate commits suicide first. Ignatius of Antioch mentions him in his epistles to the Trallians, Magnesians, and Smyrnaeans[13] (composed between 105110 AD). And in my sweat of pity, for Pontius was a just man and very learned, I woke. Pontius Pilate's wife is also called Claudia Procula in Christian tradition and is even recognized as a saint in the Greek Orthodox Church and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. Five chapters of the novel are featured as chapters of The Master and Margarita. ; "What is truth? He also finds historical the information that their relationship mended following the execution of Jesus. Many sources within the Bible (as well as other historical accounts) sketch him as a bully and a coward. Pontius Pilate was the fifth magistrate to serve in the Roman province of Judea, created in 6 CE by Roman emperor Augustus (r. 27 BCE to 14 CE). Alexander Demandt suggests that the leader of this movement may have been Dositheos, a messiah-like figure among the Samaritans who was known to have been active around this time. Now at the feast the governor was accustomed to release for the people any one prisoner whom they wanted. According to some traditions, the Roman emperor Caligula ordered Pontius Pilate to death by execution or suicide. [118] The coins belong to a type called a "perutah", measured between 13.5 and 17mm, were minted in Jerusalem,[119] and are fairly crudely made. But the Jewish leaders did care. [213] Many, mostly German, engravings and woodcuts of Pilate were created in the fifteenth century. Pontius Pilate was definitely a real historical figure. The York Mystery Plays include Pilate's wife and her dream, but offer the opposite interpretation: Satan comes to tempt Pilate wife's to thwart Jesus's purpose to redeem and save us through His. [32] As Tiberius had retired to the island of Capri in 26, scholars such as E. Stauffer have argued that Pilate may have actually been appointed by the powerful Praetorian Prefect Sejanus, who was executed for treason in 31. [8], Pontius Pilate should have listened to his wife. [208] Depictions of Pilate in this period are mostly found in private devotional settings such as on ivory or in books; he is also a major subject in a number of panel-paintings, mostly German, and frescoes, mostly Scandinavian. Pontius Pilate served as the prefect of Judaea from 26 to 36 A.D. [31] Josephus states that Pilate governed for 10 years (Antiquities of the Jews 18.4.2), and these are traditionally dated from 26 to 36/37, making him one of the two longest-serving governors of the province. [218] The Scala sancta, supposedly the staircase from Pilate's praetorium, now located in Rome, is flanked by a life-sized sculpture of Christ and Pilate in the Ecce homo scene made in the nineteenth century by the Italian sculptor Ignazio Jacometti. [105], A single inscription by Pilate has survived in Caesarea, on the "Pilate Stone". [57] Bond argues that the fact that Josephus says that Pilate brought in the standards by night, shows that he knew that the images of the emperor would be offensive. According to Eusebius of Caesareas Ecclesiastical History, Pontius Pilate killed himself on orders from the emperor Caligula sometime after 36 CE. [62] Helen Bond, Daniel Schwartz, and Warren Carter argue that Philo's portrayal is largely stereotyped and rhetorical, portraying Pilate with the same words as other opponents of Jewish law, while portraying Tiberius as just and supportive of Jewish law. First Apology 35. . Hear their responses inspired by scripture and what the Bible says in regards to an. [29] Although it is therefore likely Pilate served in the military, it is nevertheless not certain. But the Jewish leaders did care. During what years was Pontius Pilate governor of Judea. [11] The most important sources are the Embassy to Gaius (after the year 41) by contemporary Jewish writer Philo of Alexandria,[12] the Jewish Wars (c.74) and Antiquities of the Jews (c.94) by the Jewish historian Josephus, as well as the four canonical Christian Gospels, Mark (composed between 6670), Luke (composed between 8590), Matthew (composed between 8590), and John (composed between 90110);[11] he is also mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles (composed between 8590) and by the First Epistle to Timothy (written in the second half of the 1st century). [142] Originally, these texts served both to unburden Pilate of guilt for the death of Jesus as well as to provide more complete records of Jesus's trial. [238], Hourihane argues that in England, where the Jews had been expelled in 1290 CE, Pilate's characterization may have been used primarily to satyrize corrupt officials and judges rather than to stoke antisemitism. [76] Discussing the paucity of extra-biblical mentions of the crucifixion, Alexander Demandt argues that the execution of Jesus was probably not seen as a particularly important event by the Romans, as many other people were crucified at the time and forgotten. Responding to Celsus, the Christian apologist Origen, writing c.248 AD, argued that nothing bad happened to Pilate, because the Jews and not Pilate were responsible for Jesus' death; he therefore also assumed that Pilate did not die a shameful death. [86] Paul Winter explained the discrepancy between Pilate in other sources and Pilate in the gospels by arguing that Christians became more and more eager to portray Pontius Pilate as a witness to Jesus' innocence, as persecution of Christians by the Roman authorities increased. . Following Livia's death, the coins only read . [175], Several places in Western Europe have traditions associated with Pilate. The second-century pagan philosopher Celsus polemically asked why, if Jesus was God, God had not punished Pilate, indicating that he did not believe that Pilate shamefully committed suicide. The disciples truly believed that Jesus was the Messiah and they loved Him, but their fear of arrest kept them bound in tearful silence. Pontius Pilate ( Latin Pontius Pilatus) was the governor of the small Roman province of Judea from AD 26 until around 36 AD, although Tacitus believed him to be the procurator of that province. [35][36] These proposed dates have not been widely accepted by other scholars. "), John 18:38 (Quid est veritas? As punishment he is sent to the island of Pontius, whose inhabitants he subjugates, thus acquiring the name Pontius Pilate. [192] From the eleventh century onward, Pilate is frequently represented as a Jewish king, wearing a beard and a Jewish hat. 1887, p. 199. [171] Howard Martin summarizes the general content of these legendary biographies as follows: a king who was skilled in astrology and named Atus lived in Mainz. King Herod hears of this accomplishment and asks him to come to Palestine to aid his rule there; Pilate comes but soon usurps Herod's power. [285] Parts of the dialogue attributed to Pilate in the Gospel of John have become particularly famous sayings, especially quoted in the Latin version of the Vulgate. Josephus states his inferential judgment that Pilate was deeply affected with their firm resolution, suggesting his own strength of character. Antonio Ciseri's depiction of Pontius Pilate presenting a scourged Christ to the people Ecce homo! Modern authors who feature Pilate prominently in their works include Anatole France, Mikhail Bulgakov, and Chingiz Aitmatov, with a majority of modern treatments of Pilate dating to after the Second World War. "), and John 19:22 (Quod scripsi, scripsi, "What I have written, I have written"). [120] Earlier coins read on the obverse and on the reverse, referring to the emperor Tiberius and his mother Livia (Julia Augusta). [91] N. T. Wright and Craig A. Evans argue that Pilate's hesitation was due to the fear of causing a revolt during Passover, when large numbers of pilgrims were in Jerusalem. Russian critics in the 1960s interpreted this Pilate as "a model of the spineless provincial bureaucrats of Stalinist Russia. The angel said to the women, Do not be afraid; for I know that you are looking for Jesus who has been crucified. Philo is hostile, Josephus mostly neutral, and the Gospels "comparatively friendly. [224][225][226], Pilate plays a major role in the medieval passion play. Pilate is the protagonist. This is the first known usage of the motif of Pilate being influenced and corrupted by the Devil in Medieval Art. 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